What are the Federal hearsay exclusions?

We will be covering each of these exclusions in their own cards. For simplicity, here's an overview:

(1) Prior Inconsistent Statements: If a witness, like Bob, says something different in court than what he said before, his earlier statement can be used to show he might be lying now.

(2) Prior Consistent Statements: If someone accuses a witness of changing their story, their earlier, similar statements, like "I saw Bob at the scene," can be used to back up their credibility.

(3) Prior Statements of Identification: If a witness, like Sam, identified Bob in a police lineup before the trial but is unsure in court, the earlier identification can still be used.

(4) Admission by Party-Opponent: If Bob says something that goes against his interests, like admitting fault in a conversation, it can be used against him in court.

(5) Adoptive Admission: If Bob hears someone say, "You caused the accident," and he nods in agreement, it's as if he admitted it himself.

(6) Vicarious Admission: Authorized Spokesperson: If Bob's spokesperson makes a statement about the incident, it's treated as if Bob said it himself.

(7) Vicarious Admission: Principal-Agent: In a work setting, if Bob's employee, while working, says something about Bob's actions, it's as if Bob himself said it.

(8) Vicarious Admission: Co-conspirator: If Bob and Sam are planning a crime and Sam tells Amy about their plan, what Sam says can be used against Bob in court.