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Civil Procedure • Subject Matter Jurisdiction
CIVPRO#015
Legal Definition
Supplemental jurisdiction is the power of a court to hear additional claims related to the original claim even though it would lack subject matter jurisdiction to hear the additional claims independently.
Plain English Explanation
When it comes to Civil Procedure, most issues revolve around "Can I bring a claim into Federal court?" or "Is it appropriate for this claim to be heard in X specific court?" In fact, when you are issue spotting and sense a civil procedure issue, your first instinct should be to audit whether or not it is appropriate for the case to be heard in whatever court it is in (or trying to get into).
With that in mind, "supplemental jurisdiction" is a form of judicial efficiency, where a federal court allows a claim to be heard that would otherwise not be appropriate to be heard in federal court simply because it is substantially related.
With that in mind, "supplemental jurisdiction" is a form of judicial efficiency, where a federal court allows a claim to be heard that would otherwise not be appropriate to be heard in federal court simply because it is substantially related.
Hypothetical
Hypo 1: Bob lives in California. Sam lives in Texas. Sam claims that Bob infringed on his artwork and sues him for copyright infringement. Sam wants to join an additional claim against Bob for battery. Result: Copyright claims are a Federal Question, so Sam may sue Bob in federal court for this claim. However, the battery is completely independent and unrelated to the copyright infringement (it lacks a "common nucleus of operative fact"). Thus, supplemental jurisdiction is not allowed to bring in the battery claim; Sam must sue Bob for that in a state court.
Hypo 2: Bob and Amy live in California. Amy works for Bob. One day, Bob fires Amy because he doesn't want a female employee. Amy wants to sue Bob in federal court for employment discrimination, and wants to join a claim for state employment discrimination as a result of her being fired. Amy is seeking $80,000 in damages. Result: A federal court has subject matter jurisdiction over the federal discrimination claim under Federal Question, but not the state claim. However, because the state claim arises from the same issue and shares a "common nucleus of operative fact," it may be brought in under supplemental jurisdiction.
Hypo 2: Bob and Amy live in California. Amy works for Bob. One day, Bob fires Amy because he doesn't want a female employee. Amy wants to sue Bob in federal court for employment discrimination, and wants to join a claim for state employment discrimination as a result of her being fired. Amy is seeking $80,000 in damages. Result: A federal court has subject matter jurisdiction over the federal discrimination claim under Federal Question, but not the state claim. However, because the state claim arises from the same issue and shares a "common nucleus of operative fact," it may be brought in under supplemental jurisdiction.
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Related Concepts
How can subject matter jurisdiction be based on a federal question?
How can subject matter jurisdiction be based on diversity of citizenship?
How is citizenship determined under subject matter jurisdiction?
What is subject matter jurisdiction?
What types of cases will California courts exercise general subject matter jurisdiction over?
When is aggregation of damages under a diversity claim allowed and not allowed?
When may a federal court hear a state claim?
